| Breakdown of electrolytic hydrogen consumption in novel hydrogen applications in the EU – 2022-2024 (kt) |
Figure 7 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory. |
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| Comparison of EU and national targets for 2030 on electrolyser capacity (left, GW) and hydrogen production (right, Mt/y) – October 2025 |
Figure 1 |
ACER, based on national hydrogen strategies and roadmaps, NECPs, information provided by NRAs and own calculations. |
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| Comparison of planned hydrogen network based on national strategies and plans with TYNDP 2024 hydrogen network projects – October 2025 (km) |
Figure 13 |
ACER, based on information from NRAs and ENTSOG’s TYNDP-2024 list of projects. |
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| Comparison of total installed electrolyser capacity in the EU between the databases of the European Hydrogen Observatory, the IEA and S&P Global Commodity Insights – 2022-2024 (MW) |
Figure 29 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory, S&P Global Commodity Insights and IEA. |
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| Cumulative electrolyser capacity by project status and estimated commissioning year in the EU – 2023-2033 (GW) |
Figure 10 |
ACER, based on data from S&P Global Commodity Insights. |
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| Current and forecasted investment cost for electrolysers as reported in IEA’s Global Hydrogen Review between 2022 and 2025 – October 2025 (EUR2024/kW) |
Figure 18 |
ACER, based on data from IEA’s Global hydrogen review reports from 2022 to 2025. |
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| Distribution of the number (left) and capacity (right) of currently installed electrolyser projects in the EU by size – 2024 (MW) |
Figure 9 |
ACER, based on data from S&P Global Commodity Insights. |
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| Electrolytic hydrogen consumption by end-use in the EU – 2022-2024 (kt) |
Figure 6 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory. |
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| Estimated hydrogen production costs by technology based on IEA – 2024 and 2030 prospects (EUR2024/kg and EUR2024/MWh) |
Figure 23 |
ACER based on IEA’s Global Hydrogen Review 2024 and IEA Hydrogen Tracker. |
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| Evolution of cost estimates of hydrogen produced by various technologies – January 2024-October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 15 |
ACER, based on data from S&B Global Commodity. |
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| Example of the levelised cost of hydrogen produced by an electrolyser in Germany and Spain for different average electricity cost thresholds |
Figure 21 |
ACER calculations, using the LCOH calculator tool of the European Hydrogen Observatory and. wholesale day-ahead electricity prices for 2024 from ENTSO-E’s Transparency Platform. |
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| Global weighted average of LCOE for utility scale PV, onshore wind and offshore wind – 2010-2024 (EUR2024/kWh) |
Figure 19 |
International Renewable Energy Agency. |
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| Hydrogen network development plans in EU Member States – October 2025 |
Figure 12 |
ACER, based on information from NRAs. |
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| Hydrogen production capacity by process type in the EU – 2024 (Mt/y) |
Figure 5 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory |
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| Hydrogen production projects with CCS in the EU – October 2025 (kt/y) |
Figure 11 |
ACER, based on data from IEA’s hydrogen production and infrastructure projects database. |
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| Hydrogen transportation tariffs in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands compared with the LCOH of renewable hydrogen (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 24 |
ACER, based on data from S&B Global Commodity (for the RFNBO LCOH), Energinet, BNetzA and ACM. |
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| Installed electrolyser capacity in the EU – 2022-2024 (MW) |
Figure 8 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory. |
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| Levelised cost of hydrogen produced by electrolysers connected directly to onshore wind in the EU Member States – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 33 |
ACER, based on the European Hydrogen Observatory LCOH calculator. |
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| Levelised cost of hydrogen produced by electrolysers connected directly to solar PV in the EU Member States – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 32 |
ACER, based on the European Hydrogen Observatory LCOH calculator. |
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| Levelised cost of hydrogen produced by electrolysers connected using electricity from offshore wind in the EU Member States – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 34 |
ACER, based on the European Hydrogen Observatory LCOH calculator. |
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| Levelised cost of hydrogen produced by electrolysers using electricity from the grid in the EU Member States – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 35 |
ACER, based on the European Hydrogen Observatory LCOH calculator. Electricity consumption-related taxes were not considered. |
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| Monthly average of the minimum, average and maximum day-ahead electricity prices in the EU - 2019-2024 (EUR/MWh) |
Figure 20 |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E Transparency Platform. |
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| Regulatory framework for hydrogen in the EU – October 2025 |
Figure 3 |
ACER, based on information provided by NRAs. |
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| Status of hydrogen PCI/PMIs – November 2024 (number of project) |
Figure 14 |
ACER’s PCI//PMI progress monitoring dashboard. |
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| Targeted electrolyser capacity for 2030 in the EU Member States according to national strategies and plans – October 2025 (GW) |
Figure 27 |
ACER, based on national hydrogen strategies and roadmaps, NECPs, information provided by NRAs. For Austria, information comes from the integrated network plan (ÖNIP). |
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| Targeted production of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen for 2030 in the EU Member States according to national strategies and plans – October 2025 (kt/y) |
Figure 28 |
ACER, based on national hydrogen strategies and roadmaps, NECPs, information provided by NRAs and own calculations. For Austria information comes from the integrated network plan (ÖNIP). |
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| Total capacity of electrolysers under construction in the EU Member States – October 2025 (MW) |
Figure 31 |
ACER, based on data from S&P Global Commodity Insights. |
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| Total hydrogen consumption breakdown by end use in the EU – 2020-2024 (Mt) |
Figure 4 |
ACER, based on data from S&P Global Commodity Insights (for 2020-2021) and European Hydrogen Observatory (for 2022- 2024). |
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| Total hydrogen consumption by end use in the EU Member States - 2022-2024 (Mt) |
Figure 30 |
ACER, based on data from the European Hydrogen Observatory. |
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| Transposition of RED III in the EU - October 2025 |
Figure 2 |
ACER, based on information provided by NRAs and the European Commission. |
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| Typical breakdown of the levelised cost of electrolytic hydrogen of an alkaline electrolyser for four different production pathways – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 16 |
ACER, using the LCOH calculation tool of the European Hydrogen Observatory. |
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| Typical structure of the levelised cost of hydrogen for an alkaline electrolyser in Germany using electricity from the grid during the least cost hours – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 17 |
ACER, using the LCOH calculation tool of the European Hydrogen Observatory and 2024 wholesale day-ahead market data for Germany from ENTSO-E’s transparency platform. |
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| Willingness to pay for renewable hydrogen – October 2025 (EUR/kg and EUR/MWh) |
Figure 25 |
ACER, based on data from European Hydrogen Bank 2023 and 2024 auctions, EWI and S&P Global Commodity Insights (for the levelized cost of RFNBO and low-carbon hydrogen). |
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