| Annual daily average of gas-fired generation units' start-ups, EU-27, 2019-2025 |
Slide 42 Left |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Average hourly electricity generation (GWh) |
Slide 43 Top and middle |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Average hourly gas and solar generation profiles, 2019 and 2025 (GWh) |
Slide 41 |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Biomethane production costs, commodity price [gas], and GO prices, 2025 (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 27 |
ACER based on S&P Global, ICIS, EEX, and IEA. |
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| Biomethane production in 2023 (TWh) and its share to gas consumption (%) |
Slide 22 |
ACER based on GIE, EBA, and Eurostat. |
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| Biomethane supply potential in 2040 per country (bcm) |
Slide 24 Left |
ACER based on EBA’s estimations and Gas for Climate. |
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| Biomethane supply potentials per technology in 2030, 2040 and 2050 in the EU (bcm) |
Slide 24 Right |
ACER based on EBA’s estimations and Gas for Climate. |
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| Breakdown of emissions in the energy and transport sectors, 2024 (Mt CO2eq) |
Slide 10 Middle |
ACER based on EEA and IEA. |
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| Classification* of Member States based on their share of industrial energy demand and the share of natural gas in final energy consumption |
Slide 51 |
ACER based on Eurostat. |
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| Comparison of cost estimates for hydrogen by technology, 2024 (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 80 Right |
European hydrogen markets based on IEA, and second round of European Hydrogen Bank auctions. |
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| Competitiveness gap for a gas-fired power plant, 2015-2050 (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 46 |
ACER calculations based on S&P Global. |
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| Conventional natural gas production versus biomethane production, 2023 (TWh) |
Slide 23 Right |
ACER based on EBA and Eurostat. |
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| Cost savings of an industry fully compliant with ETS including carbon prices for natural gas and GO prices for biomethane (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 28 |
ACER based on S&P Global, ICIS, and EEX. |
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| Cumulative distribution functions of generation one hour after start-up |
Slide 90 Top |
ENTSO-E |
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| Cumulative distribution functions of generation two hours after start-up |
Slide 90 Bottom |
ENTSO-E |
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| Current gas prices in 2025 and estimated levelised cost of energy for biomethane and hydrogen by technology (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 15 |
ACER based on IEA, ICIS, and Haya Energy. |
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| EU LNG contractual position by 2030 and 2040 - Fit for 55 Demand scenario |
Slide 83 Top |
ACER based on data from contracts data from ICIS LNG Edge and S&P Global, EC’s impact assessment for the 2040 climate target, and Strategic Perspectives. |
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| EU LNG contractual position by 2030 and 2040, bcm - REPowerEU demand scenario |
Slide 83 Bottom |
ACER based on data from REPowerEU, contracts data from ICIS LNG Edge and S&P Global, EC’s impact assessment for the 2040 climate target, and Strategic Perspectives. |
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| EU gas supply imports – 2020-2025 (TWh) |
Slide 17 Middle |
ENTSOG, ICIS. |
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| EU industry final energy consumption (FEC) per energy product, 2014-2023 (TWh) |
Slide 53 |
ACER based on Eurostat, code nrg_bal_s. |
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| Electricity supply mix in CAISO on 21 August 2025 |
Slide 47 Right |
ACER based on CAISO. |
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| Electrification rate (%), electricity generation (TWh), renewable share in final electricity generation (%), and share of low-carbon electricity in final electricity generation (%) EU, US, and China, 2000-2023 |
Slide 78 Right |
ACER based on Eurostat and IEA. |
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| Evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU energy/transport and gas sectors, 2000-2024 (Mt CO2eq) |
Slide 10 Right |
ACER based on EEA and IEA. |
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| Evolution of sectoral gas consumption in selected EU Member States, 2017-2024 (TWh) |
Slide 54 |
ACER based on Eurostat, ENaGaD, and S&P Global. |
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| Final energy and non-energy consumption (TWh) and share of hydrogen and synthetic fuels (%), EU-27, 2030, 2040 and 2050 |
Slide 80 Left |
EC’s impact assessment for the 2040 climate target (Scenario S2) |
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| Final energy consumption per industry NACE 2 activities and energy product, 2023 (TWh) |
Slide 52 |
ACER based on Eurostat, code nrg_d_indq_n and Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/447. |
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| Gas consumption vs biomethane production potential, 2024-2050 (bcm) |
Slide 32 Left |
ACER based on data from 2040 climate target’s impact assessment of the European Commission, SolarPower Europe, Wind Europe, EHPA, EBA, Shell, and Agora. |
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| Gas for power dependency for selected EU countries, 2019 and 2024 |
Slide 40 Left |
ACER based on Eurostat and ENTSO-E. |
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| Gas import dependency (%) vs biomethane production, 2024-2050 (bcm) |
Slide 32 Right |
ACER based on data from 2040 climate target’s impact assessment of the European Commission, SolarPower Europe, Wind Europe, EHPA, EBA, Shell, and Agora. |
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| Gas prices in EU, US, and Asia (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 17 Right |
Henry Hub - EIA and TTF/JKM - S&P Global. |
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| Greenhouse gas emissions related to the use of fossil and renewable natural gas in the EU, 2025 (Mt CO2eq) |
Slide 81 |
ACER based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, The International Council on Clean Transportation, Marconi and Rosa, 2023, Agora. |
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| Greenhouse gas emissions – 2015-2050 (Mt CO2eq) |
Slide 17 Left |
EC’s impact assessment for the 2040 climate target |
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| Historical and projected gas consumption in the EU, 2014-2050 (bcm) |
Slide 14 |
ACER calculations based on Eurostat and EC’s impact assessment for the 2040 climate target |
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| Hourly generation profile (GWh) and number of start-ups |
Slide 42 Right |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Hours in % when electricity prices were above gas costs |
Slide 44 |
ACER based on ENTSO-E Transparency Platform and ICIS. |
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| Increase in electrification rate (p.p.) and in renewables in final electricity generation (p.p.) EU, US, and China, 2023 vs 2015 |
Slide 78 Left |
ACER based on Eurostat and IEA. |
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| Levelised cost of carbon capture for various subsectors across various sources (EUR/tCO2) |
Slide 82 |
ACER based on Clean Air Task Force, Malz, Oei, and Herpich 2025, IEA, and Carbon Tracker Initiative. |
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| Methane abatement cost curve of the natural gas segment of the European Union, 2025 |
Slide 71 |
Based on data from International Energy Agency (2024) Methane Tracker Database - IEA; as modified by ACER. |
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| Number of start-ups |
Slide 43 Bottom |
ACER calculations based on ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Power system emission factor vs avg day-ahead price |
Slide 39 Left |
ACER based on EEA and ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Production costs of gas-fired power plants, 2016-2040 (EUR/MWh) |
Slide 45 |
ACER calculations based on S&P Global and ICIS. |
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| REPowerEU targets |
Slide 13 |
ACER based on data from European Commission, In focus: Solar energy, Wind Europe, EHPA, EBA, and Shell. |
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| Share of biomethane production to gas consumption if X% of current biogas production were upgraded* (%) |
Slide 25 |
ACER based on EBA. |
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| Share of electricity, natural gas and renewables/biofuels of the final energy and non-energy consumption in EU, 2000-2024 (historical) and 2025-2050 (scenarios) |
Slide 79 |
ACER based on Eurostat and EC’s 2040 impact assessment, and Ember. |
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| Share of production type, based on carbon intensity factor (%), 2024 |
Slide 39 Right |
ACER based on EEA and ENTSO-E transparency platform. |
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| Spot day-ahead carbon price of EU general allowances (EUR/tCO2) |
Slide 16 |
ACER based on EEX. |
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| Storage power by technology and status in the EU, 2025 (GW) |
Slide 47 Left |
ACER based on JRC |
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| Total greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by sector, 2024 (Mt CO2eq) |
Slide 10 Left |
ACER based on EEA and IEA. |
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| Trade exposure index for selected countries and the CBAM sectors (%) |
Slide 56 |
ACER based on World Bank Group and OECD policy brief: What to expect from the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism?, 2025. |
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| Volatility indicator, 2019 and 2024 |
Slide 40 Right |
ACER based on Eurostat and ENTSO-E. |
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| Volume-weighted methane emissions of EU natural gas imports by supply origin (kt CH4 – left axis) and natural gas imports in the EU by supply origin (TWh – right axis), 2025 |
Slide 63 |
ACER based on Kayrros Methane Watch, ENTSOG, and ICIS. |
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