| Average daily, weekly and annual energy flexibility needs in 2025, 2028 (projected) and 2030 (projected) (in TWh) |
Figure 1 |
ACER, based on data from the study on system flexibility needs for the energy transition by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), 2024. |
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| Average hourly generation by source (in GWh), day-ahead price (in EUR/MWh) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions intensity (in kg/MWh) for the EU-27 and Norway, August 2015 (top) and August 2025 (bottom) in nominal terms |
Figure 4 |
ACER calculations based on generation and pricing data from the ENTSO-E Transparency Platform and Scope 3 emissions data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. |
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| Average hourly household load curve and wholesale price (in EUR/MWh) in the EU-27 and Norway on weekdays (left) and weekends (right) |
Figure 18 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs (load curves) and ENTSO-E (day-ahead wholesale prices). |
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| Average wholesale prices and ‘energy and supply’ price for weekdays and weekends for selected geographical regions during the heating season (November–March) |
Figure 32 |
ACER, based on ENTSO-E data on day-ahead hourly wholesale prices and Eurostat data on electricity prices components for household consumers (nrg_pc_204_c), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh. |
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| Average wholesale prices and ‘energy and supply’ price for weekdays and weekends for selected geographical regions for the whole year |
Figure 31 |
ACER, based on ENTSO-E data on day-ahead hourly wholesale prices and Eurostat data on electricity prices components for household consumers (nrg_pc_204_c), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh. |
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| Base household (3 000 kWh) load profile: hourly consumption on weekdays and weekends (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 22 |
ACER assumptions and calculations based on data provided by NRAs on hourly electricity consumption load curves (household consumers). |
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| Base households’ and higher-electricity-consumption households’ annual electricity consumption (in kWh per year), including shiftable consumption (in green) |
Case Box |
ACER, based on data from the French Agency for Ecological Transition. |
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| Breakdown of the weighted average final electricity price for households in the EU-27 between 2019 and 2024 (in % |
Figure 14 |
ACER calculations based on Eurostat data on electricity price components (nrg_pc_204_c), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh; updated in July 2024. |
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| Change in final household electricity prices between the first and second half of 2024 (in %) (left) and change in final household electricity prices between 2023 and 2024 (in %) (right) |
Figure 11 |
ACER calculations based on Eurostat data on household electricity consumption (nrg_pc_204), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh; updated in August 2025. |
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| Changes in electricity generation sources from 2010 to 2030 (projected) (in %) |
Figure 2 |
ACER, based on historical data from Ember and 2030 projections from the 2023 European Environment Agency and ACER report on flexibility solutions to support a decarbonised and secure EU electricity system. |
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| Comparison of the average annual wholesale electricity price (in %) (left) and the energy and supply component for household customers (in %) (right) between 2023 and 2024 |
Figure 10 |
ACER calculations based on Eurostat data on household electricity consumption (nrg_pc_204), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh; updated in August 2025. |
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| Days with day-ahead prices above EUR 150/MWh (left) and the percentage change between 2023 and 2024 (in %) (right) |
Figure 13 |
ACER calculations based on generation and pricing data from the ENTSO-E Transparency Platform. |
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| Dishwasher: net hourly load shift (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 28 |
ACER assumptions and calculations |
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| EU energy balance by source and final consumption, 2018 (top) and 2023 (bottom) |
Figure 3 |
Eurostat annual data on simplified energy balances (nrg_bal_s) |
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| EV household (6 500 kWh) load profile: hourly consumption on weekdays and weekends (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 24 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| EV+HP household (9 500 kWh) load profile: hourly consumption on weekdays and weekends (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 25 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| Electric vehicle: net hourly load shift (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 30 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| Estimated 2024 electricity bill savings (energy component) per household and region under a change in consumption behaviour (Case 2) (bars: absolute (in EUR), markers: relative to overall electricity bill (in %)) |
Figure 20 |
ACER calculations. |
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| Estimated 2024 electricity bill savings (energy component) per household and region under a change in contract (Case 1) (bars: absolute savings (in EUR), markers: savings relative to overall electricity bill (in %)) |
Figure 19 |
ACER calculations. |
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| Estimated average annual cost savings (electricity energy component) for a 3 000-kWh household from switching to a dynamic electricity contract and adjusting consumption behaviour, by geographical area, before, during and after the 2022 energy crisis |
Executive Summary II |
ACER calculations. |
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| Flat-price and regulated contracts as a share of household contracts in a selection of Member States and Norway, in 2024 |
Figure 8 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs. |
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| HP household (6 000 kWh) load profile: hourly consumption on weekdays and weekends (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 23 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| Heat pump: net hourly load shift (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 29 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for the household (left) and non-household (right) electricity markets, in 2024 |
Figure 5 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs. |
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| Household expenditure on energy (energy, gas and other fuels) as a share of total spending (in %) (left) and share of households unable to keep their homes adequately warm (in %) (right) in 2022 |
Figure 7 |
ACER, based on Eurostat data on final consumption expenditure of households (nama_10_co3_p3) and inability to keep homes adequately warm (ilc_mdes01). |
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| Laundry (washing and drying): net hourly load shift (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 27 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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| Markets with and without regulated contracts across Member States and Norway (left) and share of household consumers under regulated contracts (in %) (right) in 2024 |
Figure 15 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs. |
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| Number of days with day-ahead prices below EUR 5/MWh (left) and the percentage change between 2023 and 2024 (in %) (right) |
Figure 12 |
ACER calculations based on generation and pricing data from the ENTSO-E Transparency Platform. |
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| Share of electricity in final energy demand in the household, industrial and commercial sectors in the EU-27, 2023 (in TWh) |
Executive Summary I |
ACER, based on Eurostat data on simplified energy balances (nrg_bal_s). |
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| Share of electricity volumes consumed by household consumption bands (in %), and average consumption per household (in kWh) in 2024 |
Figure 16 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs on average annual household consumption and Eurostat data on household consumption volumes of electricity by consumption bands (nrg_pc_204_v). |
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| Share of electricity volumes consumed by non-household consumption bands (in %), and average non-household electricity consumption per country (in MWh) in 2024 |
Figure 17 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs on average annual non-household consumption and Eurostat data on non-household consumption volumes of electricity by consumption bands (nrg_pc_205_v). |
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| Smart meter roll-out (in %) (left), uptake of market based dynamic-price contracts among households (in %) (middle)10 and availability of comparison tools that compare dynamic-price contracts (right) across the EU-27 and Norway in 2024 |
Figure 6 |
ACER, based on data provided by NRAs. |
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| Smart meter roll-out across the EU-27 and Norway in 2024 |
|
ACER, based on data provided by national regulatory authorities (NRAs), 2025. |
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| Trends in final electricity prices for household and industrial consumers in the EU between 2008 and 2024 (EUR cent/kWh and index value; base year 2008 = 100 %) |
Figure 9 |
ACER calculations based on Eurostat data on household electricity consumption (nrg_pc_204), band DC, 2 500–5 000 kWh and industrial electricity consumption (nrg_pc_205), band IE, 20 000–70 000 MWh; updated in July 2024. |
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| Water heating: net hourly load shift (in kWh) used for the modelling |
Figure 26 |
ACER assumptions and calculations. |
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